Constitutional Court of Zambia

272 judgments
Skip past years
Skip to results

Results. 272 judgments found.

272 judgments
November 2024
Originating summons for abstract interpretation of Article 74(2) dismissed as the dispute is personalized, contentious and requires trial.
  • Constitutional interpretation — Originating summons — Criteria for abstract interpretation: questions must be sole constitutional questions, general (non-personalized), prospective and non-contentious — Article 74(2) (Leader of the Opposition) — Disputed party processes and Speaker’s role — Suitability for interpretation declined.
13 November 2024
Context determines whether an indigenous word is insulting; contextual evidence lacking, petition dismissed and costs awarded.
  • Constitutional law — alleged insulting public language by President — contextual interpretation of indigenous language — proof required to show constitutional breach — petitions lacking contextual evidence may be dismissed as frivolous and vexatious — costs awarded.
11 November 2024
Court granted extension to file a reply, finding an inadvertent date misunderstanding and no prejudice to the applicant.
  • Civil procedure — Extension of time under Order XV, rule 7 CCR — Discretionary relief for filing out of time — Inadvertent misunderstanding of orally pronounced date as sufficient ground — Consideration of promptness and prejudice — Costs not awarded.
5 November 2024
October 2024
An interim stay cannot be granted where the presidential suspension has already been implemented; single judge declined to decide standing.
  • Constitutional procedure — interim relief in original jurisdiction — Order X Rule 2 and Order IX Rule 20 CCR — locus standi — single judge v full Court competence — stay of decision unavailable once decision implemented — res judicata and JCC disciplinary process.
29 October 2024
Constitutional electoral timelines (90‑day by‑election; 7/21‑day nomination challenge) are mandatory and cannot be extended by court proceedings.
  • Constitutional time limits — Article 57(1) 90‑day by‑election rule mandatory — Article 52(4) nomination challenge 7/21‑day rule — Courts may not enlarge constitutional timelines — Vacancy determinations governed by Article 159, Electoral Process Act and Local Government Act — Article 128(2) referral regime; originating interpretation permitted in exceptional circumstances.
15 October 2024
A presidential remission shortens imprisonment but does not expunge conviction or restore pre‑conviction employment rights.
  • Constitutional law — prerogative of mercy — remission vs pardon — effect on conviction and disqualification from office; Jurisdiction — Article 128 limits challenges to Part Three/regulatory schemes; Interpretation — construing Order of Release against Article 97(1).
11 October 2024
Recusal application alleging judicial bias dismissed for lack of cogent evidence; presumption of impartiality upheld.
  • Constitutional law — Recusal — Judicial impartiality presumption — High standard of proof for bias — Reliance on prior rulings, remote corporate links or unproven family ties insufficient — Abuse of process/forum shopping concerns.
3 October 2024
July 2024
Petition challenging Penal Code's "order of nature" provisions raises substantial constitutional issues; Court orders full hearing before a single judge.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — Article 128 (subject to Article 28) — jurisdiction to interpret Constitution in petition — challenges to Penal Code for vagueness, discrimination, dignity and privacy — requirement of full hearing before determination.
29 July 2024
Whether a retiree retained on the payroll pending pension payment is entitled to later salary increments and continued pension contributions.
  • Constitutional law — pension rights — Articles 187 and 189 — interpretation of retention on payroll — entitlement to salary increments while retained — remittance of pension contributions — calculation of pension based on last salary.
26 July 2024
Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction to determine Part III (Bill of Rights) challenges to court‑martial rules; High Court/Supreme Court are the proper forums.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — Article 128(1)(e) read with Article 28 — Part III (Bill of Rights) jurisdiction reserved to High Court (original) and Supreme Court (appeal) — Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction to invalidate court-martial rules under Part III — civil proceedings cannot stay criminal/court‑martial proceedings — Article 79(3) referendum requirement to amend Part III.
26 July 2024
Petitioner failed to prove that presidential remarks or appointments breached constitutional values or Article 259 regional‑balancing requirements.
  • Constitutional values—patriotism and national unity; Article 259—appointments and regional diversity ('where possible'); mandatory requisite qualifications; burden of proof on petitioner to adduce cogent factual evidence; dismissal for lack of evidentiary foundation.
10 July 2024
Court dismissed a preliminary motion, holding contested constitutional issues unsuitable for summary determination and ordered a full hearing.
  • Constitutional procedure — res judicata and abuse of process — functus officio and jurisdiction — Article 101(4) electoral challenge timeframe — Order 14A White Book; summary determination vs full trial.
9 July 2024
The applicant’s discontinuance was allowed; the Court exercised discretion and ordered each party to bear their own costs.
  • Constitutional Court — Discontinuance under Order X r.3 CCR; costs discretionary under s.30 CCA; finality of interlocutory costs orders; promotion of ADR (Art.118(2)(d)); discontinuance does not affect cross-petitions/committal proceedings.
8 July 2024
June 2024
The applicant's constitutional challenge to ZIALE's investigation and withholding of results was dismissed for lack of constitutional breach.
  • Administrative law; statutory body investigatory powers; Rule 29 ZIALE Student Rules; Article 235 (investigative commissions); natural justice/right to be heard; forum/jurisdiction for discrimination claims; delay in disciplinary proceedings; no proof of collusion with employer.
28 June 2024
Petition dismissed for want of jurisdiction because it alleged breaches of a party constitution, not a discernible violation of Article 60(2).
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — Article 128 — Requirement to plead nature of alleged constitutional contravention; Political parties — limits of Constitutional Court jurisdiction — internal party constitutions; Forum shopping/multiplicity of actions — preliminary objection rendered otiose where jurisdiction lacking.
27 June 2024
Leader of the opposition is elected by the largest opposition party via internal processes; Speaker only receives written notification.
  • Constitutional law — Article 74(2) — leader of the opposition — meaning of "elect" — internal party selection — Article 60(2)(d),(e) — intra‑party democracy — Speaker's role under Rule 43 — National Assembly Standing Orders.
25 June 2024
Petition alleging presidential travel was wasteful and unconstitutional was dismissed for lack of cogent evidence; each party bears own costs.
  • Constitutional values and public service principles; public finance principles; wasteful expenditure under PFMA; burden of proof; budget appropriation and separation of powers; limits of judicial notice and judicial fact-finding.
17 June 2024
Notice of motion dismissed because respondent's answer lacked the mandatory opposing affidavit, depriving Court of jurisdiction under Order 14A.
  • Constitutional Court procedure — mandatory requirement for respondent's answer to a petition to be supported by an opposing affidavit; Order 14A summary procedure — notice of intention to defend; suitability of constitutional issues for summary determination; retrospective application of constitutional amendment; applicability of contractual/ZSIC-managed pension benefits to Article 189(2)/LASF.
7 June 2024
A judicial officer who declines retirement at 55 may only retire upon attaining 65, not at any intervening age.
  • Constitutional interpretation — Article 145(3) & (4) — retirement ages for judicial officers — literal rule — 'may' v 'shall' — option to retire at 55 limited to the moment of attaining 55 — mandatory retirement at 65.
6 June 2024
April 2024
Court dismissed challenge, holding NRC 'origin' particulars are statutory/administrative matters, not a pure interpretation of Articles 34–37.
  • Constitutional interpretation — Citizenship (Articles 34–37) — NRC particulars — origin of name, language, tribe — distinction between constitutional provisions and statutory/regulatory procedures — Originating Summons jurisdictional criteria.
30 April 2024
Petition challenging tourism concession allocations dismissed as statutory, not constitutional, matters; statutory remedies and ordinary courts appropriate.
  • Environmental law — Alleged unlawful award of tourism concessions — Statutory remedies under Zambia Wildlife Act (sections 5, 7, 29, 38) — Constitutional Court jurisdiction; public participation and access to environmental information — adaptive management processes vs statutory general management plans.
16 April 2024
March 2024
The Constitutional Court lacks power to stay subordinate criminal proceedings; the single judge's stay was nullified and discharged.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — stay of criminal proceedings — inherent jurisdiction — interlocutory applications — orders made without jurisdiction are nullities.
15 March 2024
February 2024
Intended Party joined as 3rd Respondent because the reliefs directly affect him; no costs awarded.
  • Constitutional procedure — Joinder of parties under Order V r.4(b) CCR — Reference to Order 15 White Book — Sufficient interest for joinder — Right to be heard before orders affecting individual — Costs discretionary.
23 February 2024
Whether the petitioner should have remained on the respondent's payroll pending payment of a commuted LASF lump-sum pension benefit.
  • Constitutional law — Pensions — Article 189(1)–(2) (retention on payroll) — Section 25 LASF Act (commutation of annuity to lump-sum) — Pension benefit defined — Separation of employer obligations and multi-employer pension fund responsibilities.
9 February 2024
January 2024
Nomination disputes belong to Article 52(4) proceedings; election petitions require proving substantial non‑compliance affecting results.
  • Electoral law — nomination challenges — Article 52(4) Constitution — election petitions — section 97(2)(b) EPA (substantial non‑compliance affecting result) — jurisdiction and lapsing of stay — abuse of court process.
25 January 2024
An individual directly affected by interpretation of Article 74(2) may be joined as an interested party to adjudicate rights and issues.
  • Constitutional procedure — Joinder of interested parties — Order V Rule 6(1) CCR — Definition of interested party — Discretionary joinder where applicant has sufficient interest; Interpretation of Article 74(2) — Non‑personalised constitutional questions — Procedural timetabling.
17 January 2024
December 2023
Leave to amend was limited to the exhibited proposed amendments; additional amendments were disallowed.
  • Constitutional Court — amendment of pleadings — leave to amend confined to proposed exhibited amendments — excess amendments improperly made and disallowable — amended affidavit filed pursuant to express court direction — no costs ordered.
16 December 2023
Whether the President's non‑occupation of the official residence breached public‑finance principles and was justiciable in the Constitutional Court.
  • Constitutional law — presidential residence — Articles 173 and 198 (guiding values/principles of public service and public finance) — no express duty to occupy State House — burden to prove gazette or presidential decision — jurisdictional limit: enforcement of Bill of Rights (Part III) lies with High Court (Article 28) — declaratory relief not a vehicle for compulsion.
8 December 2023
Petitioner’s challenge to a criminal charge referencing a constitutional provision dismissed for failure to seek referral under Article 128(2); each party bears own costs.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — Articles 1(5) and 128(1) — Exclusive jurisdiction to interpret Constitution and determine breaches — Article 128(2) referral requirement where constitutional question arises in another court — Reference to constitutional provision in criminal particulars does not automatically criminalize Constitution.
1 December 2023
November 2023
Advocate's participation in a separate closed matter did not rebut judges' impartiality; panel reconstitution is an administrative presidential function.
  • Judicial recusal — reasonable apprehension of bias — presumption of impartiality — Judicial (Code of Conduct) Act ss.6–7 — administrative constitution/reconstitution of panels — s.4(2) Constitutional Court Act — burden of proof for apprehended bias.
7 November 2023
October 2023
Appeal dismissed: isolated incidents of violence and intimidation were not proven to have prevented the majority from choosing their preferred candidate.
  • Electoral law — nullification threshold under s.97(2) EPA — misconduct by candidate or with agent's consent and requirement that misconduct be widespread enough to have prevented majority voters choosing preferred candidate — proof to convincing clarity.
27 October 2023
Section 30 CCA is constitutional; costs in constitutional litigation may be awarded only for frivolous, vexatious, or abusive conduct.
  • Constitutional law — costs — s.30 Constitutional Court Act — judicial discretion to award costs — constitutional and public interest litigation — caution in awarding costs — factors: frivolous/vexatious, abuse of process, conduct of parties and counsel — need for procedural rules.
27 October 2023
Whether the JCC can investigate pre-appointment misconduct and whether failure to follow Article 144 suspension procedure nullifies removal.
  • Constitutional law — Judicial Complaints Commission jurisdiction over pre-appointment conduct; Article 143/144 removal procedure — mandatory requirement to report prima facie case and suspend judge; Article 266 — gross misconduct includes corruption; procedural irregularity not remedied where substantive outcome established; relief refused as futile.
26 October 2023
An allegation that a person’s conduct contravenes the Constitution must be commenced by petition; originating summons was unsuitable and dismissed.
  • Constitutional procedure — Mode of commencement — Article 128(1)(a),(b) and 128(3)(c) — Petition required where an act by a person is alleged to contravene the Constitution — Originating summons appropriate only for non‑contentious, general constitutional interpretation.
26 October 2023
Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction over redundancy-related salary and damages claims; Industrial Relations Division is competent.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — Article 128 — interpretation of the Constitution versus employment disputes — redundancy and pension retention on payroll — Industrial Relations Division competent to grant employment remedies.
26 October 2023
A district council election can only be annulled by a petition founded on Section 97 of the Electoral Process Act.
  • Electoral law — Local government election petitions — Section 97 Electoral Process Act as the sole statutory basis to challenge and annul council chairperson elections — competence of petitions — petitions not grounded in s.97 are incompetent.
2 October 2023
September 2023
AG not required to prosecute JCC complaints; JCC procedure and President’s suspension/removal of DPP were lawful.
  • Constitutional law — Director of Public Prosecutions — Judicial Complaints Commission — Attorney-General’s prosecutorial duty (Article 177) — Presidential decisions and delegation (Articles 91, 93) — Waiver of Oath of Office — JCC procedural autonomy (Article 144(4)(a); JCCA s28) — Quorum statutory not constitutional — Suspension and removal lawfully effected under Articles 144 and 182.
28 September 2023
Article 165 is prospective; Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction to decide ordinary chieftaincy succession disputes.
  • Constitutional law — Non‑retrospectivity of constitutional amendments; Article 165 (2016) prospective; transitional provisions (Act No.1 of 2016) preserve pre‑amendment acts; chieftaincy succession disputes are matters of customary law and fact for ordinary courts — Constitutional Court lacks jurisdiction absent a genuine constitutional question.
26 September 2023
Constitutional Court judges must have specialised training or experience in human rights or constitutional law.
  • Constitutional law
    • — Judicial appointments — Advertising and transparency — Whether Constitution requires advertisement/public interviews for superior court judges — Articles 140, 173, 220
    • — Qualifications for Constitutional Court — Specialised training or experience in human rights or constitutional law required — Article 141(1)(b)
    • — Court of Appeal leadership — Appointment of Judge President and Deputy Judge President by President on JSC recommendation — Article 140 and Court of Appeal Act
19 September 2023
Whether judicial appointments require advertised vacancies and whether Constitutional Court judges need human‑rights or constitutional‑law training.
  • Constitutional law
    • — Judicial appointments — Requirement to advertise vacancies and publicise interviews for superior‑court judges — Interpretation of Articles 8, 173 and 220(2)(b)
    • — Qualifications for Constitutional Court — Specialised training or experience in human rights or constitutional law required under Article 141(1)(b)
    • — Court of Appeal leadership — Appointment of Judge President and Deputy Judge President falls within President's power under Article 140
19 September 2023
August 2023
An originating‑summons challenge to seizures involving a former President was dismissed as personalised, contentious and improper for exclusive constitutional interpretation.
  • Constitutional interpretation — originating summons — personalisation and contentiousness — immunity of former President (Article 98) — seizure vs investigation — jurisdictional threshold.
3 August 2023
Originating Summons improperly used to raise personalised constitutional issues; matter dismissed for lack of jurisdiction and abuse of process.
  • Constitutional Court jurisdiction; Article 128(1) interpretation jurisdiction; Article 180(4)(c) and (8); mode of commencement—Originating Summons v petition; personalised and contentious constitutional questions; review of Subordinate Court decisions; abuse of court process.
3 August 2023
July 2023
Court finds State has not fully implemented judicial financial autonomy but declines to void transitional emoluments provisions.
  • Constitutional law — Judicial independence — Financial autonomy of the Judiciary — Articles 122(3) and 123(1) — Transitional provisions — Emoluments Commission — Validity of statutory provisions prescribing judges' emoluments.
31 July 2023
Constitutional Court lacked jurisdiction to entertain a petition challenging nominations and rescinding resignations in parliamentary by-elections.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — election law — Article 52(6) — nominations and rescission of resignation — limits of Constitutional Court jurisdiction; election petitions reserved for High Court; abuse of process.
11 July 2023
June 2023
Article 52(6) does not permit independent candidates to withdraw after nominations; ECZ cancels only for party candidate resignation, death or disqualification.
  • Constitutional interpretation; Article 52(6) — resignation v withdrawal; Electoral Process Act s31(2) — withdrawal only before close of nominations; independent candidates; ECZ duty to cancel only for party-sponsored candidate death/resignation/disqualification.
15 June 2023
March 2023
Local authorities qualify as "persons" under Article 266; Article 160 mandates one‑year immunity against enforcement; other issues non‑constitutional.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction — definition of "person" (Article 266) — corporate personality of local authorities; Article 160 — one‑year limitation on enforcement of judgments against local authorities; limits of Constitutional Court jurisdiction — statutory (NAPSA) issues are non‑constitutional; representative plea by principal officer — non‑constitutional issue.
30 March 2023
Whether vacancies caused by nullification of an election fall within Article 72(4)'s ban on re-contesting during that Parliament.
  • Constitutional interpretation — Article 72(4) — meaning of "causing a vacancy"; interaction of Articles 70, 72 and 73; nullification of elections vs disqualification; mode of commencement and jurisdiction (originating summons vs petition/election petition); Electoral Commission's administrative guidance and limits of mandate.
10 March 2023
Challenge to DC appointments dismissed for lack of evidence and because employment-related claims lie outside Constitutional Court jurisdiction.
  • Constitutional jurisdiction (Article 128) — National values (Articles 8 & 9) not independently justiciable — Public service values (Article 173) and qualification requirement (Article 259) require evidence — Employment/transfer/allowance disputes outside Constitutional Court jurisdiction — Burden of proof for alleging constitutional contravention.
10 March 2023
9 March 2023
Presidential and ministerial statements were opinions, not written instructions, and did not constitute unconstitutional interference; petition dismissed.
  • Constitutional law — Institutional independence — Executive utterances vs written instructions (Article 93) — Director of Public Prosecutions’ independence (Article 180(7)) — Independence of commissions (Article 216) — JCC procedure and recusal — DEC capacity to complain.
2 March 2023